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CMOS scaling into the nanometer regimeby: Yuan Taur, D. A. Buchanan, Wei Chen, D. J. Frank, K. E. Ismail, Shih-Hsien Lo, G. A. Sai-Halasz, R. G. Viswanathan, H. J. C. Wann, S. J. Wind, Hon-Sum Wong
Proceedings of the IEEE In Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 4. (06 August 2002), pp. 486-504.
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AbstractStarting with a brief review on 0.1-μm (100 nm) CMOS status, this paper addresses the key challenges in further scaling of CMOS technology into the nanometer (sub-100 nm) regime in light of fundamental physical effects and practical considerations. Among the issues discussed are: lithography, power supply and threshold voltage, short-channel effect, gate oxide, high-field effects, dopant number fluctuations and interconnect delays. The last part of the paper discusses several alternative or unconventional device structures, including silicon-on-insulator (SOI), SiGe MOSFET's, low-temperature CMOS, and double-gate MOSFET's, which may lead to the outermost limits of silicon scaling
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