Differential effects of HIV viral load and CD4 count on proliferation of naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes

We previously showed that HIV infection leads to expansion of a rapidly proliferating pool (s1) of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. In the current study, we used in vivo labeling with bromodeoxyuridine to characterize the kinetics of naive, memory, and activated (HLA-DR+/CD38+) subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, and to examine the relationship between kinetic parameters and baseline CD4 counts, HIV viral load, potential markers of microbial translocation, and cytokine levels. Activated cells showed the highest proliferation rates, followed by effector and central memory cells, with naive cells showing the lowest rates, for both CD4 and CD8 T cells. HIV viral load correlated with s1 of CD4 and CD8 effector memory cells, as well as CD8 naive cells, whereas CD4 cell counts correlated inversely with naive CD4 s1. Endotoxin levels showed a weak negative association with CD4 but not CD8 s1. INF-γ and TNF-α were associated with s1 for CD4 and CD8 cells, respectively. Thus, HIV is the primary driving force behind the activation and proliferation of most subsets of both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, whereas naive CD4 cell proliferation likely represents a homeostatic response. Microbial translocation does not appear to play an important role in this proliferation.