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Using tricitation to dissect the citation image: Conrad Hal Waddington and the rise of evolutionary developmental biology Export

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 60, No. 7. (July 2009), pp. 1301-1319.

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An author’s citation image is the set of authors with whom the author is cocited. When mapped using stan- dard author cocitation analysis methods based on cited name co-occurrence counts across the entire citation database, the original context of cocitation (the focal author cocited with others) is lost. The citation image of Conrad Hal Waddington, a developmental biologist and evolutionary theorist, is mapped using both coc- itation and tricitation approaches over three succes- sive decades, 1975–1984, 1985–1994, and 1995–2004. All authors are tagged with a subject ID based on a principal components analysis of the cocitation data. The cocitation analyses place Waddington in a general subject context. The tricitation PFNets bring the major themes in articles citing Waddington into clearer focus. The changing scholarly landscape inwhichWaddington’s work is used is demonstrated by changes in the cita- tion image author set. These changes are associated with a shift from a primary focus on the mechanisms of evolutionary change (Waddington’s work on canal- ization/genetic assimilation) to a resurgence of interest inWaddington’s early experimental embryological work. The latter is linked to the emergence of evolutionary developmental biology,an interdisciplinary research area that examines the role of organismal development in evolutionary change.


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