Classifications and other ordering systems Export

@article{citeulike:5865839, abstract = {Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Why ordering systems should be of interest to the philosopher? 3. The universality of diversity 4. Objectives of ordering systems 4.1. Sorting 4.2. Information storage and retrieval is a major objective of most ordering systems 4.3. Identification of an unknown item 4.4. Inferences about not yet studied properties 4.5. To serve as base line in comparative studies 5. Kinds of Ordering Systems 5.1 General considerations 5.2. Ordering of single entities 5.2.1. Assigning singular entities to a linear sequence (sequential listing) 2013type 1 5.2.1.1. Arbitrary sequence 5.2.1.2. Alphabetical listing 5.2.1.3. Chronological listing   5.2.1.4. Listing by rank or achievement 5.2.2. Ordering the chemical elements according to numerical properties of their atoms 2013 type 2 6. Ordering by the clustering of entities 6.1. Ordering by a single criterion 6.2. Ordering by special similarity 2013 type 3 6.2.1. Establishing groups by logical division (mostly dichotomy = ''downward classification'') 6.2.2. Special purpose ordering 6.3. Arrangement of entities into classes based on overall (comprehensive) similarity2013 type 4 6.4. Ordering by phylogeny or by similarity and phylogeny 2013 types 5 and 6 7. Evolution versus phylogeny 7.1 Darwinian evolution 7.2. Haeckelian phylogeny 7.3. Hennigian phylogeny 8. Class and classification 8.1. Definition of class 8.2. Construction of classes (taxa) 8.3. General definition of classification 8.4. Biological classifications as hierarchies 8.5. Ranking 9. Similarity 9.1. General concept and use in classification 9.2. Meaning of similarity in biological classification 9.3. How to determine similarity? 9.4. Overall similarity 9.5. Sources of similarity in organisms 9.5.1. Evidently descended from the same ancestor 9.5.2. Parallelophyly 9.5.3. Reversal 9.5.4. Convergence 9.6. Significance of characters (weighing) 9.7. Numerical approaches 10. Ordering by using only the criterion of phylogeny 2013 type 5 10.1. Hennigian cladification 10.2. Peculiarities of Hennigian terminology 10.2.1. Paraphyly 10.2.2. Monophyly 10.2.3. Relationship 10.2.4. Classification 10.2.5. Taxon 10.3. Cladistic analysis 10.4. Recognition of clades 11. Upward classification by two criteria, clustering by similarity and by common descent 2013 type 6 11.1. Pre-Darwinian classification 11.2. Post-Darwinian classification 11.3. Genealogy alone does not give a classification 11.4. Is a biological classification a theory? 12. Ecological factors of evolution and classification 12.1. The origin of a new higher taxon (splitting or budding) 12.2. Impact of ecological shifts on classification 13. Phylogenetic or genealogical analysis 13.1. Use in biological classifications 13.2. Translating the phylogenetic analysis into an ordering system 13.2.1. Darwinian classification 13.2.2. Hennigian cladification 14. Graphic representations of ordering systems 14.1. Phenogram 14.2. Haeckelian-Darwinian dendrogram 14.3. Hennigian cladogram 15. Darwinian classification or Hennigian cladification? 15.1. Merits and deficiencies of Darwinian classification 15.1.1. Classification 15.1.2. Phylogeny 15.2. Merits and deficiencies of Hennigian cladification 15.2.1. Phylogeny 15.2.2. Classification 16. Resolution of the conflict 16.1. Stating the conflict 16.2. Which system is superior? 16.3. Termination of the conflict 17. Glossary 18. Literature The enormous variety of things in nature must be ordered before it can be studied and understood. Unfortunately in spite of their great importance, the methods of ordering have been greatly neglected by the philosophers. In this article, we distinguish six systems of ordering. Classification, in which similar entities are grouped in classes (taxa), is one such ordering system, but not all ordering systems are classifications. The Hennigian system of cladification consists of the ordering of branches of the phylogenetic tree, strictly on the basis of a single criterion, the branching points of the phylogeny (holophyly) (Hennigian phylogeny). It is not a system of classification, as it does not lead to classes of entities possessing similar phenotypic attributes. A Darwinian classification, by using two criteria, similarity and common descent, leads to the recognition of classes (taxa) of similar entities consistent with common descent (monophyly) (Haeckelian phylogeny).}, address = {;}, author = {Mayr, Ernst and Bock, W. J.}, citeulike-article-id = {5865839}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/120845078/ABSTRACT}, doi = {10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x}, issn = {1439-0469}, journal = {Journal of Zoological Systematics \& Evolutionary Research}, keywords = {classification, zoology}, number = {4}, pages = {169--194}, posted-at = {2009-10-01 08:55:16}, priority = {4}, title = {Classifications and other ordering systems}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x}, volume = {40}, year = {2002} }

TY - JOUR ID - citeulike:5865839 L3 - citeulike-article-id:5865839 N2 - Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Why ordering systems should be of interest to the philosopher? 3. The universality of diversity 4. Objectives of ordering systems 4.1. Sorting 4.2. Information storage and retrieval is a major objective of most ordering systems 4.3. Identification of an unknown item 4.4. Inferences about not yet studied properties 4.5. To serve as base line in comparative studies 5. Kinds of Ordering Systems 5.1 General considerations 5.2. Ordering of single entities 5.2.1. Assigning singular entities to a linear sequence (sequential listing) 2013type 1 5.2.1.1. Arbitrary sequence 5.2.1.2. Alphabetical listing 5.2.1.3. Chronological listing   5.2.1.4. Listing by rank or achievement 5.2.2. Ordering the chemical elements according to numerical properties of their atoms 2013 type 2 6. Ordering by the clustering of entities 6.1. Ordering by a single criterion 6.2. Ordering by special similarity 2013 type 3 6.2.1. Establishing groups by logical division (mostly dichotomy = ''downward classification'') 6.2.2. Special purpose ordering 6.3. Arrangement of entities into classes based on overall (comprehensive) similarity2013 type 4 6.4. Ordering by phylogeny or by similarity and phylogeny 2013 types 5 and 6 7. Evolution versus phylogeny 7.1 Darwinian evolution 7.2. Haeckelian phylogeny 7.3. Hennigian phylogeny 8. Class and classification 8.1. Definition of class 8.2. Construction of classes (taxa) 8.3. General definition of classification 8.4. Biological classifications as hierarchies 8.5. Ranking 9. Similarity 9.1. General concept and use in classification 9.2. Meaning of similarity in biological classification 9.3. How to determine similarity? 9.4. Overall similarity 9.5. Sources of similarity in organisms 9.5.1. Evidently descended from the same ancestor 9.5.2. Parallelophyly 9.5.3. Reversal 9.5.4. Convergence 9.6. Significance of characters (weighing) 9.7. Numerical approaches 10. Ordering by using only the criterion of phylogeny 2013 type 5 10.1. Hennigian cladification 10.2. Peculiarities of Hennigian terminology 10.2.1. Paraphyly 10.2.2. Monophyly 10.2.3. Relationship 10.2.4. Classification 10.2.5. Taxon 10.3. Cladistic analysis 10.4. Recognition of clades 11. Upward classification by two criteria, clustering by similarity and by common descent 2013 type 6 11.1. Pre-Darwinian classification 11.2. Post-Darwinian classification 11.3. Genealogy alone does not give a classification 11.4. Is a biological classification a theory? 12. Ecological factors of evolution and classification 12.1. The origin of a new higher taxon (splitting or budding) 12.2. Impact of ecological shifts on classification 13. Phylogenetic or genealogical analysis 13.1. Use in biological classifications 13.2. Translating the phylogenetic analysis into an ordering system 13.2.1. Darwinian classification 13.2.2. Hennigian cladification 14. Graphic representations of ordering systems 14.1. Phenogram 14.2. Haeckelian-Darwinian dendrogram 14.3. Hennigian cladogram 15. Darwinian classification or Hennigian cladification? 15.1. Merits and deficiencies of Darwinian classification 15.1.1. Classification 15.1.2. Phylogeny 15.2. Merits and deficiencies of Hennigian cladification 15.2.1. Phylogeny 15.2.2. Classification 16. Resolution of the conflict 16.1. Stating the conflict 16.2. Which system is superior? 16.3. Termination of the conflict 17. Glossary 18. Literature The enormous variety of things in nature must be ordered before it can be studied and understood. Unfortunately in spite of their great importance, the methods of ordering have been greatly neglected by the philosophers. In this article, we distinguish six systems of ordering. Classification, in which similar entities are grouped in classes (taxa), is one such ordering system, but not all ordering systems are classifications. The Hennigian system of cladification consists of the ordering of branches of the phylogenetic tree, strictly on the basis of a single criterion, the branching points of the phylogeny (holophyly) (Hennigian phylogeny). It is not a system of classification, as it does not lead to classes of entities possessing similar phenotypic attributes. A Darwinian classification, by using two criteria, similarity and common descent, leads to the recognition of classes (taxa) of similar entities consistent with common descent (monophyly) (Haeckelian phylogeny). IS - 4 JF - Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research SN - 1439-0469 AD - ; EP - 194 TI - Classifications and other ordering systems VL - 40 SP - 169 KW - classification KW - zoology AU - Mayr, Ernst AU - Bock, WJ PY - 2002/// UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x ER -