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Node misbehavior due to selfish or malicious reasons or faulty nodes can significantly degrade the performance of mobile ad hoc networks. To cope with misbehavior in such self-organized networks, nodes need to be able to automatically adapt their strategy to changing levels of cooperation. Existing approaches such as economic incentives or secure routing by cryptography alleviate some of the problems, but not all. We describe the use of a self-policing mechanism based on reputation to enable mobile ad hoc networks to keep functioning despite the presence of misbehaving nodes. The reputation system in all nodes makes them detect misbehavior locally by observation and use of second-hand information. Once a misbehaving node is detected it is automatically isolated from the network. We classify the features of such reputation systems and describe possible implementations of each of them. We explain in particular how it is possible to use second-hand information while mitigating contamination by spurious ratings.
アドホックネットワークにおいて誤動作するノード，規定に従わないノード，悪意をもったノードなどの"misbehaved node"を検出し排除するシステムCONFIDANT(("Cooperation Of Nodes, Fairness in Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks"))の提案。Misbehaved nodeの検出には2つの情報を用いる。1つは自身がワイアレスアクセスによってモニタした隣接ノードの信頼性に関する情報で，もう1つは同様に他のノードがモニタした隣接ノードの信頼性を"reputation"として得た情報であり，CONFIDANTではベイジアンアルゴリズムによってこれらの異なるレベルの情報をマージする。Reputationは嘘情報を排除したり，故障ノードが回復した後にネットワークに復帰できるような仕組みで蓄積される。
S. Buchegger, and J.-Y. Le Boudec, "Performance analysis of the CONFIDANT Protocol: Cooperation of Nodes --- Fairness In Dynamic Ad-hoc Networks," in Proc. IEEE/ACM Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Net. and Comp., (Lausanne, Switzerland), June 2002
S. Buchegger, C. Tissieres, and J.-Y. Le Boudec, "A Testbed for Misbehavior Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," in Proc. IEEE WMCSA 2004, (U.K.), Dec. 2004
S. Buchegger, and J.-Y. Le Boudec, "A Robust Reputation System for Peer-to-Peer and mobile Ad Hoc Networks," P2PEcon, Harvard univ., Cambridge, MA, June 2004
J. Mundinger, and J.-Y. Le Boudec, "Analysis of a Reputation System for Mobile Ad-hoc networks with Liars," in Proc. 3rd Int'l. Symp. Modeling and Optimization, (Trento, Italy), Apr. 2005
S. Marti et al., "Mitigating Routing Msibehavior in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," in Proc. MobiCom 2000, pp.255--265.
P. Michiardi, and R. Molva, "CORE: A Collaborative Reputation Mechanism to Enforce Node Cooperation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," 6th IFIP COnf. Sec. Commun. and Multimedia, (Portoroz, Slovenia), 2002
K. Paul, and D. Westhoff, "Context Aware Detection of Selfish Nodes in DSR based Ad-hoc Networks," in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, (Taipeh, Taiwan), 2002
Q. He, D. Wu, and P. Khosla, "SORI: A Secure and Objective Reputation-Based Incentive Scheme for Ad Hoc Networks," WCNC 2004, (Atlanta, GA), Mar. 2004
S. Buchegger, and J.-Y. Le Boudec, "The Effect of Rumor Spreading in Reputation Systems in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," WiOpt'03, (Sofia Antipolis), Mar. 2003
L. Buttyan, and J.-P. Hubaux, "Report on a Working Session on Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," ACM Mobile Comp. and Commn. Rev., Oct. 2002
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